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RF Photonic Technology in Optical Fiber Links (W. Chang) 下载:

作者：WILLIAM S. C. CHANG
University of California, San Diego
出版社：Cambridge University Press
目录：
1 Figures of merit and performance analysis of photonic microwave
links Charles Cox and William S. C. Chang 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Gain and frequency response 3
1.2.1 The p2
m,o/ps of directly modulated laser links 5
1.2.2 The p2
m,o/ps of external modulation links 9
1.2.3 The pl
/p2
d,o of photodetectors 15
1.2.4 General comments on link gain 17
1.3 Noise ﬁgure 18
1.3.1 Noise sources and their models 19
1.3.2 Noise ﬁgure analysis of representative links 21
1.3.3 Limits on noise ﬁgure 24
1.4 Distortions in RF links 25
1.4.1 A graphical illustration of SFDR 28
1.4.2 An alternative graphical representation of nth order
distortion free DR 30
1.4.3 General comments on dynamic range 32
1.5 Summary and conclusion 32
References 33
2 RF subcarrier links in local access networks Xiaolin Lu 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Overview of local access networks 36
2.2.1 Broadcast networks 36
2.2.2 Switched networks 37
2.2.3 Evolution and revolution 38
2.3 RF subcarrier lightwave technology 38
2.3.1 Linear lightwave technology 39
2.3.2 Low-cost lightwave 46
2.4 System design and requirements 48
2.4.1 End-to-end HFC system design 48
2.4.2 Architecture evolution and its impact 50
2.5 Summary 53
References 53
3 Analog modulation of semiconductor lasers Joachim Piprek and
John E. Bowers 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Laser diode fundamentals 58
3.2.1 Gain, loss and recombination rates 58
3.2.2 Basic laser structures 60
3.2.3 Threshold current and slope efﬁciency 62
3.3 Rate equation analysis 63
3.3.1 Single mode rate equations 63
3.3.2 Small signal analysis 65
3.3.3 Equivalent circuits and parasitics 66
3.4 Intensity modulation 67
3.4.1 Fundamental response characteristics 67
3.4.2 Intensity noise 68
3.4.3 Harmonic and intermodulation distortion 70
3.4.4 Dynamic range 72
3.5 Frequency modulation 74
3.5.1 Modulation characteristics 74
3.5.2 Frequency noise and linewidth 75
3.6 Conclusion 76
References 76
4 LiNbO3 external modulators and their use in high performance
analog links Gary E. Betts 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Basic modulator designs 82
4.2.1 Mach–Zehnder interferometric modulator 84
4.2.2 Directional coupler 90
4.2.3 Other designs based on refractive index change 95
4.2.4 Electroabsorption 98
4.2.5 Speciﬁc details of lithium niobate material 99
4.3 Modulator effects on link performance 103
4.3.1 Link transfer function (gain and distortion) 103
4.3.2 Linearization 111
4.3.3 Optimization of link performance (noise ﬁgure and
dynamic range) 121
References 129
5 Broadband traveling wave modulators in LiNbO3 Marta
M. Howerton and William K. Burns 133
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Early work 134
5.2.1 Basic traveling wave design and velocity mismatch
derivation 134
5.2.2 Electrode structures 137
5.2.3 Early broadband traveling wave modulators 138
5.2.4 Artiﬁcial velocity matching 139
5.3 True velocity matching 143
5.3.1 Tailoring the buffer layer and electrode geometry 143
5.3.2 Effect of electrode wall angle 146
5.4 Microwave loss 147
5.4.1 Coupling to substrate modes 147
5.4.2 Losses in active and non-active regions 150
5.4.3 Dependence of optical response on microwave loss,
velocity mismatch, and impedance mismatch 151
5.4.4 Low frequency acoustic effects 153
5.5 Etched ridge modulator 154
5.5.1 Motivation and design 154
5.5.2 Performance 155
5.6 Trend to low Vπ devices 158
5.6.1 Long single-pass modulator and reﬂection modulator 158
5.6.2 Further research on low drive voltage, broadband
modulators 160
5.6.3 Voltage minimization design 160
5.7 Conclusion 162
References 162
6 Multiple quantum well electroabsorption modulators for RF
photonic links William S. C. Chang 165
6.1 Introduction 165
6.1.1 Introduction to the MQW EA modulator 167
6.1.2 Exciton absorption and the quantum conﬁned Stark
effect (QCSE) 173
6.1.3 Figures of merit of EA modulators 175
6.2 Analysis and design of p-i-n modulators 179
6.3 Growth and characterization of MQW heterostructures 181
6.3.1 Selection of material composition 181
6.3.2 Materials characterization 183
6.3.3 Qm and EA characteristics 185
6.3.4 Growth of the waveguide structure 186
6.4 Fabrication and performance of p-i-n modulators 186
6.4.1 Fabrication of p-i-n modulators 186
6.4.2 Measured performance of MQW WA WG p-i-n
modulators 188
6.4.3 Linearization of MQW EA modulators 189
6.5 Traveling wave EA modulators 194
6.6 EA modulation in a resonator 198
References 200
7 Polymer modulators for RF photonics Timothy Van Eck 203
7.1 Beneﬁts of polymer modulators 203
7.2 Beneﬁts for RF links 204
7.3 Electro-optic polymer materials 206
7.3.1 Chromophores 207
7.3.2 Guest–host and attached polymers 208
7.3.3 Thermoplastic, thermoset, and crosslinked polymers 208
7.3.4 Cladding materials 209
7.4 Methods of fabrication 209
7.4.1 Device design 209
7.4.2 Polymer deposition 210
7.4.3 Waveguide patterning and electrode fabrication 211
7.4.4 Poling 212
7.4.5 Endface preparation 213
7.4.6 Packaging 214
7.5 Frequency response 214
7.6 Approaches to low half-wave voltage 220
7.6.1 Dependence of Vπ on material and device parameters 220
7.6.2 Geometrical factors 220
7.6.3 Material factors 223
7.7 Summary 227
References 227
8 Photodiodes for high performance analog links P. K. L. Yu and
Ming C. Wu 231
8.1 Introduction 231
8.1.1 Deﬁnitions 231
8.1.2 Receiver ﬁgures of merit for analog links 235
8.2 Overview of photodetector structures for analog links 235
8.2.1 P-N and PIN photodiodes 236
8.2.2 Schottky photodiodes and MSM photodetectors 238
8.3 Noise sources in optical receivers 240
8.4 Nonlinearity in photodetectors 242
8.4.1 Carrier transport and circuit element effects 242
8.4.2 Geometrical effect 245
8.5 Recent advances in photodiodes 247
8.5.1 High speed surface normal photodiodes 247
8.5.2 Waveguide photodiodes 248
8.5.3 Traveling wave photodiodes and velocity-matched
photodiodes 250
8.5.4 Uni-traveling carrier photodiodes 252
References 253
Opto-electronic oscillators X. Steve Yao 255
9.1 Introduction 255
9.1.1 Review of oscillators 255
9.1.2 Signal generation for RF photonic systems 256
9.1.3 OEO–A new class of oscillators 257
9.2 Basics of the opto-electronic oscillator 258
9.2.1 Description of the oscillator 259
9.2.2 Quasi-linear theory of the OEO 260
9.2.3 Experimental veriﬁcation 273
9.2.4 Compact OEO with integrated DFB laser/modulator
module 278
9.3 Multi-loop opto-electronic oscillator 280
9.3.1 Single mode selection 280
9.3.2 Analysis 281
9.3.3 Experiment 285
9.4 Summary and future directions 287
Acknowledgements 290
References 290
Photonic link techniques for microwave frequency
conversion Stephen A. Pappert, Roger Helkey, and Ronald
T. Logan Jr . 293
10.1 Introduction 293
10.1.1 RF system frequency allocation and requirements 295
10.1.2 Beneﬁts of frequency converting photonic links 296
10.2 Optical local oscillator signal generation 297
10.2.1 Heterodyned laser techniques 298
10.2.2 Harmonic carrier generation using integrated
optical modulators 301
10.2.3 Optical local oscillator generation comparison 306
10.3 Microwave frequency converting photonic links 309
10.3.1 Frequency conversion conﬁgurations 309
10.3.2 Link gain and noise suppression 316
10.3.3 Dynamic range 323
10.3.4 Applications 325
10.4 Summary 326
Acknowledgements 327
References 327
11 Antenna-coupled millimeter-wave electro-optical
modulators William B. Bridges 335
11.1 Introduction 335
11.2 Velocity mismatch in traveling wave electro-optic
modulators 336
11.3 RF loss in the traveling wave electrodes 338
11.4 “True” velocity matching 339
11.5 Velocity matching “on the average” by phase shifts 340
11.6 Velocity matching on the average with a corporate feed 343
11.7 Effect of transmission line loss in N re-phased segments 344
11.8 Antenna-coupled modulators– initial experiments 346
11.9 Millimeter-wave modulator experiments at Caltech 352
11.9.1 A 60 GHz phase modulator 352
11.9.2 A 94 GHz Mach–Zehnder modulator 355
11.9.3 A 94 GHz directional coupler modulator 356
11.9.4 The slot Vee Mach–Zehnder modulator 362
11.10 Other antenna-coupled modulators 369
11.11 Summary and suggestions for future projects in
antenna-coupled modulators 373
Acknowledgements 374
References 374
12 System design and performance of wideband photonic phased
array antennas Gregory L. Tangonan, Willie Ng, Daniel Yap,
and Ron Stephens 377
12.1 Introduction 377
12.2 Modern wideband arrays 378
12.3 LO distribution as an example of RF photonic signal remoting 381
12.4 Demonstrations of wideband photonically controlled
phased arrays 385
12.4.1 Phase steering and true time delay (TTD) steering
for wideband arrays 385
12.4.2 True time delay demonstration systems 386
12.4.3 Dual band transmit array 387
12.4.4 L-band conformal radar with 96 elements 388
12.4.5 SHF SATCOM array for transmit and receive 391
12.4.6 Multibeam Rotman lens array controlled by an
RF-heterodyne photonic BFN 393
12.5 New architectures for photonic beam steering 396
Acknowledgements 398
References 398
Index 401

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eetop.cn_RF Photonic Technology in Optical Fiber Links (W. Chang).part3.rar (205.38 KB)

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