光谱仪的狭缝与孔径选择:这篇文章是从国外公司下载的,他对光谱仪的狭缝选择做了很好的分析,同时对入射狭缝和出射狭缝之间的关系进行比较,对孔与狭缝之间也进行了很好的分析比较。下面是介绍部分,感兴趣的可以在附件中下载全文:
Introduction
Selection of appropriate slits and apertures is critical in obtaining correct
spectroradiometric results, and yet remains a subject fogged in mystery for most
users. This section aims to help dispel that fog, giving the user a clear insight as
to which slits or apertures should be selected for their particular application.
Monochromator slits are rectangular, generally much taller than they are wide,
and are positioned so that the long side is normal to the plane of the
monochromator (i.e. usually vertical). An aperture may be any shape, though it is
usually circular, and is used in place of a slit in certain applications. For the
purpose of this discussion, circular apertures will be assumed, since these are
the most common and represent a very different shape the that of a slit.
Input or exit optics will frequently require a circular aperture to define a field-ofview
(telescopes, microscopes and other imaging optics), the beam
convergence/divergence and uniformity (collimating optics), or the size of an
image (some reflectance, transmittance or detector response accessories).
Generally, the only accessories that do not require apertures are non-imaging
types such as integrating spheres. The requirements of the input/exit optics
always determines the selection of an aperture or slit. If the accessory
attached to the entrance requires an aperture, then it is installed in place of the
entrance slit; if the accessory attached to the exit requires an aperture, then it is
installed in place of the exit slit.
Theoretically, two apertures may be installed - at both the entrance and exit slits.
However, such a configuration requires exact alignment of heights, and is
subject to large changes in throughput with small changes in temperature,
flatness of benches etc. This inherently unstable arrangement is therefore rarely
used, except in special applications, and generally whichever side of the
monochromator that is opposite the accessory should always have a slit
installed.
本帖最后由 63525867123 于 2010-1-18 11:37 编辑
光谱仪器中的入射狭漨象
光谱仪器中的入射挟缝通常大家理解为限制杂散光源进入和让光薄 一点通过分光系统(三棱镜.光栅),但对于色散(谱面)的出现.明线暗线的形成等被这一狭缝象把这些起因都遮盖了,使研究者无法理解色散的真实来源。对于狭缝象来说,分光系统(三棱镜.光栅)对它感应的只是一个不同物质象(上下狭缝片是同一物质象,中间白光源是一个象) ,这个象通常大家很难理解到,对于色散象的出现只理解是来自于白色光里,怱略了另一物质象的存在(狭缝象)。
分光系统若感应的是只有一种物质象(如白色光源象),这样是不能产生色散现象的,因此说明,分光系统(三棱镜.光栅)需感应到有两种不相同的物质象,这样才能构成色散出现条件。
色散谱面也不是现代这样连续的,由于现代光谱仪(系统)这样安置,巧合的使两组色散谱面连续在一起。正确的色散谱面出现应该是一组为红.橙.黄色,另一组为青.兰.紫色,。
物质吸收的光源不同,出现的色散谱面是不同的。如两不相同的物质吸收含有稀薄气体光源(如荧光光 源......),在通过分光系统后,则出现的色散谱面是一段一段的(谱面上各单色象),(这是1752苏格兰人梅耳维尔在实验中发现的,后人对梅耳维这一重要发现没做进一步研究了),这两个不同物质吸收的是热辐射光源(如炽热的固体或液体发光),过分光系统后,出现的色散谱面是连续的(各单色之间无界格之分的象,如现代连续光谱象)。 当这两个不同物质象很小(若狭缝中间白色光源象在几个MM时),在稀薄气体光源下出现的一段一段的色散谱 面象消失了,谱面中只出现几条明亮条纹(明线光谱)。若这个很小的不同物质象是在热辐射光源下,色散谱面发生了变化,在出现几条明亮条纹的位置上从新出现几条黑色条纹(夫琅和费线)。
对于不同物质在两种不同光源下出现的两种不同条纹,当把狭缝口逐渐増大即缩小,这一过程会发现在稀薄气 体光源下出现一段一段的(色散)各单色象相互叠加,从而使谱面中光强逐渐减弱,最后只胜下部分沒被叠加到的谱面出现,被称为:“明线光谱”。 若这一过程是在热辐射光源下,各单色象相互叠加后,在谱面中出现的几条黑色条纹,被称为“吸收光谱”。
现代出现的色散谱面是由两种不同物质(黑色与白色)产生的,由于不相同的物质众多,都可以拼在一起,这样出现的不同色散谱面也就多.